首页 理论教育语篇翻译理解与表达方法-英汉互译

语篇翻译理解与表达方法-英汉互译

【摘要】:语篇翻译时,应在深入理解原文的基础上,对译文表达是词语选择、语句结构和谋篇布局全盘考虑,恰当地传递原文的信息,发挥其相应的整体功能。这个语篇的汉语译文恰好没有注意到这一点。鉴于两种语言表达方式各有不同,翻译时为了符合目的语表达习惯,使行文语义连贯,常有词语增减的现象。海域面积83.258万平方公里。

5.5 语篇翻译的理解和表达

语篇是语言使用时的一个单位,不仅有形式,而且有意义。语篇语法正确、语义连贯、逻辑清楚,是一个统一的整体。语义连贯是语篇的关键,而语篇语义则是由语境确定的。语篇翻译时,应在深入理解原文的基础上,对译文表达是词语选择、语句结构和谋篇布局全盘考虑,恰当地传递原文的信息,发挥其相应的整体功能。

例1:The announcement of the pack shrieked at Byron and Natalie from the news placards in the Rome airport.They had set out from Seina before dawn in an old Renault,and while the whole world was chattering about the astounding news,they had innocently driven down along the Apennines in golden Italian sunlight,amid old mountain towns,wild airy gorges,and green valleys where peasants worked their fields.With Natalie Jastrow at his side for a three-week journey that was only starting,Byron was in the highest of spirits,until he saw the bulletins.

He had never found a European airport so busy or so noisy…

In a crowded,buzzing airport restaurant,while they ate a hasty lunch of cannelloni and cold white wine,Natalie astonished him by talking of going on.To proceed into a country that might soon be invaded by Germans struck Byron as almost mad.

【原译】在罗马飞机场上,拜伦和娜塔丽在新闻招贴上看到触目惊心的缔结条约消息。他们在黎明前开了一辆旧雷诺牌汽车从锡耶纳动身。当全世界都在纷纷议论这个耸人听闻的消息时,他们俩却无忧无虑地在意大利金黄色的阳光下沿着亚平宁山脉开着车,驰过古老的山中小镇、空旷荒芜的峡谷和农民田野里劳动的碧绿盆地。拜伦在看到新闻公报之前,心里一直是无比地欢畅,想到在未来三个星期里娜塔丽·杰斯特罗将同他在一起旅行,而现在仅仅是开始。

他从没有看到有那个欧洲飞机场这么忙,这么嘈杂……

他们在机场上拥挤而嘈杂的餐厅里匆忙地喝些冷白酒,吃一餐凉通心粉,娜塔丽突然提出要继续旅行,拜伦听了很是吃惊。在拜伦看来,继续前进到一个德国人随时都可以入侵的国家去,简直是发疯。

【分析】细心的读者会发现,译文第一段中语义不连贯,和第二段似乎也连贯不起来。为什么?问题是出在对原文二、三句的理解上。原文第一句用的一般过去时,但第二句一开始却用的过去完成时;在while引起的分句中用的是过去进行时,而在这个分句依存的主句中则用的过去完成时。语言是直线性发展的。照理,先发生的事先说,后发生的事后说。但英语是重形合的语言,它利用语法时态的手段,使语句衔接语义连贯。汉语是重意合的语言。这个语篇的汉语译文恰好没有注意到这一点。

其次,原文第一段第三句(或末句)中的until不应该译成“……之前”。这一段中,从第二句开始到until分句之前,都是倒叙。until这个分句和第一句正好构成一个语义上的圆周。第一句谈“在罗马飞机场上”,until这个分句使主人公又回复到现实中来,即回到“罗马飞机场”。因此,才有第二段一开始他看到的罗马机场的繁忙和嘈杂。until汉译成“……之前”显然使一、二段译文语义无法衔接。

根据上述分析,原译文调整如下:

【改译】在罗马飞机场,拜伦和娜塔丽从新闻招贴上看到缔结条约的消息触目惊心。他们是在黎明前从锡耶纳开了一辆旧雷诺牌汽车来的。当全世界都在纷纷议论这个耸人听闻的消息时,他们俩已经无忧无虑地在意大利金色的阳光下沿着亚平宁山脉开车驰过了古老的山中小镇、空旷荒芜的峡谷和有农民在田野里劳动的碧绿盆地。一路上拜伦想到在未来三个星期里娜塔丽·杰斯特罗都同他一起旅行,而这才仅仅是开始,心里一直是无比地欢畅。现在看到新闻公报后,就不一样了。

……

鉴于两种语言表达方式各有不同,翻译时为了符合目的语表达习惯,使行文语义连贯,常有词语增减的现象。比如“一路上”、“现在”、“就不一样了”,都是添加的。但这些意思在原文深层结构是存在的,只不过没有必要在表层显露。所以,翻译中的加减,正如傅雷先生所说,“以原作为依归”。上述添加的词语,目的使汉语译文表达通顺,语义连贯。特别是后者,还为第三段娜塔丽突然提出要继续旅行,而“拜伦听了很是吃惊”埋下伏笔,与“在拜伦看来,继续前进到一个德国人随时都可以入侵的国家去,简直是发疯”前后文连贯自然,遥相呼应。

例2:海南省位于我国的最南部,地处北纬03°20'00″—20°17'42″,东经107°10'00″—119°10'00″之间。它北靠祖国大陆的广东、广西两省(区),隔琼州海峡与雷州半岛咫尺相望;南接文莱、马来西亚;东邻菲律宾的吕宋岛;西与越南隔海相对。全省包括海南岛和中沙、西沙、南沙群岛及周围广阔海域。总面积86.7万平方公里(含海域)。其中海南岛土地面积33 920平方公里,中沙、西沙、南沙群岛面积247平方公里。海域面积83.258万平方公里。省会设在海口市。

【译文】

Hainan Province is situated in the most southern part of China,within a square formed by two lines of 107°10'00″—119°10'00″EL and 03°20'00″—20°17'42″NL.To the north,across the Qiongzhou Straits to the Leizhou Penisula,lie Guangdong and Guangxi.To the south it faces Bruneiand Malaysia across the sea.Itswestern neighbor is Viet Nam and to the east it neighbours Philippines.Hainan Province covers an area of 867,000 square kilometers(including the sea area of832,580 square kilometers) of which the Hainan Island itself occupies 33,920 square kilometers,and Xisha,Zhongsha and Nansha islands amount to 247 square kilometers.Haikou City is the capital of the province.

【分析】汉语原文为六句。每句的主语分别是:“海南省”、“它”、“全省”、“总面积”、“海域”、“省会”。“总面积”和“海域”之前其实是承前省略了修饰语“全省”,如果需要,该两句都可以并入“全省”一句。原文以主题发展为脉络,衔接语篇语义,贯通全文。而英译文就不一样了。(www.chuimin.cn)

第一句到第六句的主题(或主位)依次是:Hainan Province,To the north,across the Qiongzhou Straits to the Leizhou Peninsula,To the south,Its western neighbour,Hainan Province,Haikou City,二、三句的主题,还是有标记的。虽然英译文同样是六句,但译文显得松散,因为英文没有汉语那样的承前省略,行文中必须补出有关部分。而且第二句和上下文有梗塞之嫌,语义欠连贯。末句内容和原文一样,但重心已不同。原文回答的问题是:“省会是什么地方?”而译文回答的问题则是:“海口市是什么地方?”此外,“祖国大陆的广东、广西壮族自治区”,中国人看了一目了然。可是,英文仅译成Guangdong and Guangxi似嫌不足。在对外宣传中,以接受者的角度看,类似翻译处理以明晰为好。

基于以上分析,改译如下:

【改译】Hainan Province is situated in the southernmost part of China,an area within the east longitudes of 107°10'00″—119°10'00″and the north latitudes of03°20' 00″—20°17'42″,with Guandong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in themainland to its north(its Hainan Island facing Guangdong's Leizhou Penisula across the Qiongzhou Straits),Brunei and Malaysia to is south,Philippines to its east and Vietnam to is west.The province covers an area of867,000 square kilometers ofwhich 33,920 square kilometers belong to the Hainan Island,247square kilometers to Zhongsha,Xisha and Nansha Islands and 832,580 square kilometers to their surrounding vast sea areas.The provincial capital is the city of Haikou.

语篇,作为结构—意义统一体,它在语法结构上具有衔接性、规律性,在意义上具有完整性。因此,自然成为语言交际的基本单位。翻译,作为语言交际的一种形式,也理所当然地需在语篇层次上进行。总之,翻译时要尽量注意全方位把握原文的形、意、神,更加关注译文的整体效应,所谓大处着眼,小处着手;小单位、低层次服从于大单位、高层次,词(组)服从于句子,句子服从于从段落,段落服从于篇章。在译入语篇章构建过程中,要时刻关注原语篇章中所有的衔接和连贯。此外,译者心中必须明了作者的意向,并在传达时注意恰到好处地使用翻译方法。

无论在英译汉或汉译英的语篇翻译实践中,理解是表达的基础。理解不当,必然表达不当;理解得当,还必须表达得当。表达中,语义连贯是语篇翻译的关键。鉴于英语和汉语是两种根本不同源流的语言,它们的语篇翻译会给译者带来不少障碍和困难。因此,译者必须利用语境进行分析,在深刻理解原文语篇的基础上,对译文语篇表达时的词语选择,语句结构和谋篇布局都要全盘考虑,充分发挥目的语的优势,使译文语篇恰当地传达出原文语篇的达旨,发挥它相应的功能,提高译文的质量。

【练习】

1.The Linguistic System

There are as many as three thousand languages which are spoken today.These languages are very different one from another.Indeed,it is primarily the fact that they are so different as to be mutually unintelligible that allows us to call them separate languages.A speaker of one of them,no matter how skillful and fluent,cannot communicate with a speaker of another unless one of them,as we say,“learns the other's language.”Yet these differences,great as they are,are differences of detail—of the kinds of sounds used and the ways of putting them together.In their broad outlines,in their basic principles,and even in the way they approach certain specific problems of communication,languages have a great deal in common.

We are all intimately familiar with at least one language,yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it.The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary,but not all the sentences,and a language consists of these sentences as well as words.

Speakers use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences.These rules comprise the grammar of a language,which is learned when you acquire the language.The grammar of a language includes the sound system,how words may be combined into phrases and sentences,and the way in which sounds and meanings are related.

The sounds and meaning of words are related in an arbitrary fashion.That is,if you had never heard the word“grammar”,you would not,by its sounds,know what it meant.Language,then,is a system that relates sounds with meanings,and when you know a language,you know this system.

This linguistic knowledge,or linguistic competence,is different from linguistic behavior,known as linguistic performance.If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking,you would still have the knowledge of your language.If you do not know the language,you cannot speak it; but if you know the language,you may choose not to speak.

Language is a tool of communication.But if language is defined merely as a system of communication,then language is not unique to humans.We know birds,bees,crabs,spiders,whales,and most other creatures communicate in some way.However,there are certain characteristics of human language not found in the communication systems of any other species.A basic property of human language is its creative aspect—a speaker's ability to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of“well-formed”,or grammatical,sentences,most of which are novel,never before produced or heard.The grammar of human language can generate infinite messages,a property unique to the human species.

2.第二文化

文化是指一个民族的整体生活方式。这一简单定义的含义使文化包括了这样一些内容,即一个民族的风俗、传统、社会习惯、价值观、信仰、语言、思维方式以及日常活动。文化还包含了文明史。从广义上说,有两种文化,即物质文化和精神文化。物质文化是具体的、可见的,而精神文化则比较蕴蓄、比较抽象。

由于人类语言是文化的直接表现,所以第二语言的学习涉及了第二文化的学习。第二语言教师应该引导学生注意并了解他们所学的语言的文化内容。包括理解外族文化的价值观,掌握外族文化的礼仪,了解外族文化与本族文化之间的差异。

随着学生外语学习的深化,他们会增进对所学语言民族的文化特征的认识。这种开阔了的文化认识可以涉及文化的所有方面:外族人的生活方式,以及外族社会的地理历史经济艺术科学等。我们知道,每个民族的文化有不同于其他民族文化的礼仪规范。因此,学生在上外语课时应该学习目标语的民族那些恰当得体的礼仪规范,学习如何理解陌生的文化习俗,学习在与外族人交际时应有的言谈举止。